HHP 473: Undergraduate Culminating Experience (Phelan): Cite Sources in APA

Helpful Links from Purdue OWL 

APA 7th Edition Tutorials

Other APA Resources

Author Last Name, Author Initial(s). (Year in parentheses). Title. Journal Title Italicized, Volume Italicized(Issue in parentheses), page range. DOI, permalink, or URL

Example:

Vrchota, D. (2011). Communication in the disciplines: Interpersonal communication in dietetics. Communication Education, 60(2), 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2010.523475

Author Last Name, Author Initial(s). (Year in parentheses). Title italicized. Publisher Name.

Example:

Egolf, D. (2012). Human communication and the brain: Building the foundation for the field of neurocommunication. Lexington Books.

Author Last Name, Author Initial(s), (Year in parentheses). Chapter title in sentence case. In Editor first initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.); Book title in italics. (edition, pp. page numbers of chapter). Publisher. 

Peterson, B. (2011). Media violence has harmful effects on young people. In N. Merino (Ed.), Introducing issues with opposing viewpoints. Media violence (pp. 11-16). Greenhaven Press.

Published Dissertation or Theses 

Author Last Name, Author Initial(s). (Year in parentheses). Title of dissertation or thesis italicized [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree in brackets]. Database or Archive Name. URL.

Example:

Blinne, K. C. (2014). Communication as yoga [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. ​ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.  https://search.proquest.com/docview/1530298507

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry with an individual author and an editor:

Author Last Name, Author Initial(s). (Year in parentheses). Title of entry. In Editor Initial(s) Last Name (ed.), Title of encyclopedia italicized (edition, page numbers in parentheses). Publisher Name. URL, permalilnk, or DOI

Example:

Mitcho, S. R. (2017). Feminist pedagogy. In M. Peters (ed.), Encyclopedia of educational philosophy and theory. Springer Science+Business Media. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sprepat/feminist_pedagogy/0

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry with no author and no editor:

Title of entry. (Year in parentheses). Title of encyclopedia italicized (edition, page numbers in parentheses). Publisher Name. URL, permalilnk, or DOI

Example:

Education. (2003). In The MacMillan encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Market House Books Ltd. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/move/education/0 

Wikipedia

Wikipedia entry title. (Year, Month Day). In Wikipedia. Version URL.

• To find the date of the version you are viewing, look at the updated date at the bottom of the page, or the version date if you are using a prior version of the page.
• To find the version URL for the version you viewed, click on "View History" at the top right of the page. Choose the version you want to cite, and use that URL. 

Example: 

Manchester baby. (2022, June 21). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Baby&oldid=1094218071

A personal interview, whether in person, online, or via email, is considered personal communication and should be cited in-text, but does not require a citation in your reference list. 

(First Initial. Last Name, personal communication, Month Day, Year).

Example:

(H. Smith, personal communication, May 08, 2020)

YouTube Videos:

Real last name, First initial. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. YouTube. URL

Example:

Wagner, S. [Simone Wagner]. (2016, June 29). What is media literacy? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/AD9jhj6tM50

Podcaster Last Name, First Initial. (Host). (Air dates). Title in italics. [Audio podcast]. Podcast producer. URL.

Example:

Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–present). Code switch [Audio podcast]. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch

Author Last Name, Initial(s) or Corporate Author. (Date published or updated in parentheses). Title of webpage italicized. Site Name. URL

Example:

Silver, F. (2018, July 01). Why is it important for teachers to have good communication skills? Chron. http://work.chron.com/important-teachers-good-communication-skills-10512.html

Use the Author-Date Citation System to cite your references in the text of your paper

Template:

(Last Name, Year)

Example:  (Vrchota, 2011)

Narrative Citations: If you refer to the author in your written text, use only the year in parentheses after the author's name.

Example: Vrchota (2011) interviewed seven registered dietitians. 

Specific Quotes: Direct quoting is rare in APA, and should be used sparingly.

When you do directly quote a resource, include information about the specific part of your citation, such as page, paragraph, or chapter.

Example: "Relationships are built through the negotiated progression of increased and reciprocated disclosures by the participants" (Vrchota, 2011, p. 221).

Examples:

In-Text Summary

(Last Name, Year).

Many programs do not have curriculum dedicated to classroom management and, if it does, it is restricted within one course at best (Hammerness 2011).

In-Text Narrative Summary

This is evidenced by Dunn and Rakes (2011) who appraised the collective impact of teacher efficacy and concerns on learner-centered practices (LCP) which they link to classroom management.

In-Text Summary with more than one source

Instead, a-contextual understanding persists and is particularly problematic given the introduction and importance of CRCM, which is used to address the diverse needs of students (Whitaker and Valtierra 2018; Yang and Montgomery 2013).

In-Text Summary combining narrative and ideas with more than one source

Chambers and Hardy (2005) found that classroom management beliefs tend to stay consistent over time based on a pretest-posttest questionnaire of secondary teacher-education students, whereas others have identified preservice teachers shifting towards a more relational understanding (Jones and Vesilind 1995; Kwok 2020).

In-Text Direct Quote

(Last Name, Year, p. number)

"Relationships are built through the negotiated progression of increased and reciprocated disclosures by the participants" (Vrchota, 2011, p. 221).

In-Text Narrative Direct Quote

Kaufman and Moss (2010) found that teachers defined classroom management as “maintaining discipline and controlling behavior” (p. 127).

In-Text with 3 or more authors

Use the first author plus "et al." 

Teacher candidates (TCs), also called preservice teachers, often are the least prepared in classroom management compared with any other pedagogical skill (Albrecht et al. 2009).

A paraphrase is:

• an easier way to incorporate another author's specific points into your paper 
• an accurate and comprehensive account of the author's ideas
• written in your own words and uses a different sentence structure than the original work (see suggested sentence structures)

Use a paraphrase VERY FREQUENTLY, in cases when:

• you need to describe the author's evidence and engage with his/her findings
• referring to a short passage
• the source is not authoritative or interesting enough to quote

Sentence Structure Formulas for Paraphrase:

• On the one hand, author #1 argues insert paraphrase here (in-text citation). On the other hand, author #2  believes insert paraphrase here (in-text citation).
• Author suggested that insert paraphrase here (in-text citation). 
• According to researchers, insert paraphrase here (in-text citation).

Example:

Kearney suggested that writing notes after reading a passage can help students with paraphrasing and make it easier to paraphrase in many of the instances in which students instinctively want to quote (2). 

Source: 

Kearney, Virginia. How to teach paraphrasing, quotation and summary. Owlcation, 26 March 2019, https://owlcation.com/academia/Teaching-Quotation-Paraphrase-and-Summary. Accessed 1 April 2020.

Graff, Gerald, and Birkenstein, Cathy. They Say, I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. 4th ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2018.

A summary is:

• a way of incorporating an author's main idea by using your own words
• summarizes the whole source, not just a section or key point
• much shorter than the original piece

Use a summary FREQUENTLY, in cases when:

• you need to describe the main idea of a book, article or passage
• referring to an author's major argument
• describing a theory you plan to apply to your work

Sentence Structure Formulas for Summary:

• The purpose of author's article is to argue insert summary here (in-text citation). 
• Author's thesis boils down to insert summary here (in-text citation). 
• Numerous researchers have found insert summary here (in-text citation).
• In summary, author argues insert summary here (in-text citation).

Example:

In summary, Kearney argues that students who understand how to quote, paraphrase, and summarize will write stronger papers and have less of a tendency to plagiarize (1).

Source: 

Kearney, Virginia. How to teach paraphrasing, quotation and summary. Owlcation, 26 March 2019, https://owlcation.com/academia/Teaching-Quotation-Paraphrase-and-Summary. Accessed 1 April 2020.

Graff, Gerald, and Birkenstein, Cathy. They Say, I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. 4th ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2018.

Step 1: Identify which words and/or ideas you borrowed

Do this by using a quotation, paraphrase or summary of the original work to incorporate it with an in-text citation

Step 2: Acknowledge where it came from

Your in-text citation helps acknowledge and identify where it came from.

Ex: According to Kearney, "even well-prepared students are often not clear about when and how to use summary, quotation, and paraphrase" (1). Kearney is supporting the argument that these concepts can be difficult to teach and learn but practice and awareness can reduce the tendency for students to plagiarize someone else's work. 

Step 3: Provide detailed information about where it came from

The original work should also have a full citation in a Reference List or Works Cited page.

Ex: Kearney, Virginia. How to teach paraphrasing, quotation and summary. Owlcation, 26 March 2019, https://owlcation.com/academia/Teaching-Quotation-Paraphrase-and-Summary. Accessed 1 April 2020.