The APA Style Blog explains "APA Style uses the author–date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication. This enables readers to locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.
Each work cited must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix)."
Examples:
One author: (Last Name, Year). Two authors: (Last Name & Last Name, Year). Three or more authors: (First author last name et al., Year)
Many programs do not have a curriculum dedicated to classroom management or it is only covered within one course at best (Hammerness, 2011).
One author: Last name (Year)... Two authors: Last Name and Last Name (Year)... Three or more: First author last name et al., (Year)...
This is evidenced by Dunn and Rakes (2011) who appraised the collective impact of teacher efficacy and concerns on learner-centered practices (LCP) which they link to classroom management.
List the studies' authors in the order they will appear in your reference list, i.e., alphabetically by first author, separated by semicolons.
Instead, a contextual understanding persists and is particularly problematic given the introduction and importance of CRCM, which is used to address the diverse needs of students (Whitaker & Zigler, 2018; Yang, 2013).
Chambers and Hardy (2005) found that classroom management beliefs tend to stay consistent over time, whereas others have identified preservice teachers shifting towards a more relational understanding (Jones & Vesilind, 1995; Kwok, 2020).
(One author: Last Name, Year, p. number) Two authors: Last Name & Last Name, Year, p. number)
"Relationships are built through the negotiated progression of increased and reciprocated disclosures by the participants" (Vrchota, 2011, p. 221).
[One Author: Last Name (Year), two authors Last Name and Last Name, three or more: First author last name, et al., (Year) with p. number in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Kaufman and Moss (2010) found that teachers defined classroom management as “maintaining discipline and controlling behavior” (p. 127).
Parenthetical: Use the first author plus "et al.," and the year. Narrative: Use the first author plus et al. (no comma) (Year).
Teacher candidates (TCs), also called preservice teachers, often are the least prepared in classroom management compared with any other pedagogical skill (Albrecht et al., 2009).
Albrecht et al. (2009) found that preservice teachers are often the least prepared in classroom management compared with any other pedagogical skill.
See instructions and examples on formatting block quotes on the APA Style website.
Use the paragraph number or a description, as shown here on the APA Style website.
American Psychological Association. (2023, May). Six steps to proper citation infographic. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/six-steps-proper-citation.pdf
A note about using citation helpers in databases or online: These citations frequently have errors, especially in capitalization and punctuation. Be sure to check their accuracy using your manual or the APA Style Blog. For example, here is a journal article citation from Education Source database which has errors in capitalization:
Mallett, C. (2016). The School-to-Prison Pipeline: A Critical Review of the Punitive Paradigm Shift. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0397-1
Corrected Version (also needs hanging indent):
Mallett, C. (2016). The school-to-prison pipeline: A critical review of the punitive paradigm shift. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0397-1.
Here is a journal article citation from Gender Studies Collection database, which has other types of errors:
Giesler, M. A., & Beadlescomb, T. (2015). Elevated or erased? A content analysis of the portrayal of men in introduction to social work textbooks. The Journal of Men's Studies, 23(2), 147+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A419926956/PPGB?u=klnb_fhsuniv&sid=bookmark-PPGB&xid=e998d074
Corrected version (also needs hanging indent)
Giesler, M. A., & Beadlescomb, T. (2015). Elevated or erased? A content analysis of the portrayal of men in Introduction to Social Work textbooks. The Journal of Men's Studies, 23(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/060826515582486
Avoiding PlagiarismThis video discusses plagiarism and how to avoid it when using and citing resources, including:
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Quoting, Paraphrasing, and SummarizingThis video discusses three different ways to add expert information to your writing and provides examples for each:
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